We examined the problems of and solutions to food waste through the main three frames of social science research on food waste: political economy; the cultural turn (the cultures, ideologies and politics of food and consumption); and political ecology. In the course of our collective research on food waste, we analyzed dozens of government and company documents, interviewed over 35 employees of food chain firms and organizations, including 9 middle to senior managers in food retail, and 2 farmers. One co-author, as part of this and affiliated work (McCallum, Campbell & MacRae, 2014), toured distribution facilities and stores of a major Canadian food retailer, had access to the Company’s head office staff, held group and one-on-one interviews with staff in a variety of capacities, and was granted access to confidential corporate reports. Another co-author volunteered with a food recovery organization and spoke with their operational staff. Our method to identify solutions is described in more detail below, but essentially we follow a normative approach as broadly outlined by MacRae and Winfield (2016). Our focus in this paper is on changes to policies, programmes and legislation/regulation at the level of the state. Such interventions are clearly only a piece of a wide ranging set of initiatives to be undertaken by numerous actors – from food chain firms to individual eaters – but our reading is that more attention has recently been paid to private firm than regulatory changes. We hope to redress this to some degree in this article.

Researchers should cite this work as follows:

• MacRae, R., Siu, A., Kohn, M., Matsubuchi-Shaw, M., McCallum, D., Cervantes, T. H., Perreault, D., (2025), "Making better use of what we have: Strategies to minimize food waste and resource inefficiency in Canada", HSSCommons: (DOI: 10.15353/cfs-rcea.v3i2.143)

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Original publication: MacRae, Rod; Siu, Anne; Kohn, Marlee; Matsubuchi-Shaw, Moira; McCallum, Doug; Cervantes, Tania Hernandez; Perreault, Danielle. "Making better use of what we have: Strategies to minimize food waste and resource inefficiency in Canada." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation, vol. 3, no. 2, 2016, pp. 145-215. DOI: 10.15353/cfs-rcea.v3i2.143. This material has been re-published in an unmodified form on the Canadian HSS Commons with the permission of Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation. Copyright © the author(s). Work published in CFS/RCÉA prior to and including Vol. 8, No. 3 (2021) is licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY license. Work published in Vol. 8, No. 4 (2021) and after is licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-SA license. For details, see creativecommons.org/licenses/.